2. Calculations

• 2.1. Network Calculations
  • 2.1.1. Station Adjustment
    • 2.1.1.1. Overview
    • 2.1.1.2. Getting Started
      • 2.1.1.2.1. Opening the Module
      • 2.1.1.2.2. Creating a New Project
      • 2.1.1.2.3. Opening an Existing Project
    • 2.1.1.3. Importing Observations
      • 2.1.1.3.1. Import from Leica LandXML
      • 2.1.1.3.2. Import from Leica GSI
      • 2.1.1.3.3. Import from Legacy SAJ Project
      • 2.1.1.3.4. Import from Spreadsheet (Excel/CSV)
      • 2.1.1.3.5. Import ASCII Files
    • 2.1.1.4. Working with Observations
      • 2.1.1.4.1. Station Tree
      • 2.1.1.4.2. Observation Tabs
      • 2.1.1.4.3. Reorder Points
      • 2.1.1.4.4. Station Information
    • 2.1.1.5. Solving (Adjustment)
      • 2.1.1.5.1. Solve Current Station
      • 2.1.1.5.2. Solve All Stations
      • 2.1.1.5.3. Deactivate Outliers
      • 2.1.1.5.4. Complete vs. Incomplete Observation Sets
    • 2.1.1.6. Calculation Method — Detailed Explanation
      • 2.1.1.6.1. Horizontal Angle Adjustment
      • 2.1.1.6.2. Vertical Angle (Zenith) Adjustment
      • 2.1.1.6.3. Slope Distance Adjustment
      • 2.1.1.6.4. Outlier Detection
      • 2.1.1.6.5. Understanding the Results
    • 2.1.1.7. Reports
    • 2.1.1.8. Exporting Data
      • 2.1.1.8.1. Export Adjusted Measurements
      • 2.1.1.8.2. Export Raw Data
      • 2.1.1.8.3. Export to Starnet
    • 2.1.1.9. Sketch View
    • 2.1.1.10. References
  • 2.1.2. Network Adjustment
    • 2.1.2.1. Overview
    • 2.1.2.2. Getting Started
      • 2.1.2.2.1. Opening the module
      • 2.1.2.2.2. Creating or opening a project
      • 2.1.2.2.3. The workspace tabs
    • 2.1.2.3. Concepts
      • 2.1.2.3.1. Station types (fixity)
      • 2.1.2.3.2. Observation types
      • 2.1.2.3.3. Units and standard errors
    • 2.1.2.4. Settings
      • 2.1.2.4.1. Choosing a projection
    • 2.1.2.5. Building a network
      • 2.1.2.5.1. Editing by hand
    • 2.1.2.6. Importing data
      • 2.1.2.6.1. STAR*NET .dat files
      • 2.1.2.6.2. Coordinate order (East-North vs North-East)
      • 2.1.2.6.3. Editable ASCII project files (.iqnet)
        • 2.1.2.6.3.1. Template
      • 2.1.2.6.4. Excel workbooks (.xlsx)
      • 2.1.2.6.5. Netsist projects (.ndb / DATA IN .xlsx)
    • 2.1.2.7. Initial (provisional) coordinates
    • 2.1.2.8. The least-squares adjustment
      • 2.1.2.8.1. What the solve computes
      • 2.1.2.8.2. Reductions applied before the solve
      • 2.1.2.8.3. Dimension (1-D / 2-D / 3-D)
    • 2.1.2.9. Results and quality
      • 2.1.2.9.1. Adjusted coordinates
      • 2.1.2.9.2. Statistics in the report
      • 2.1.2.9.3. Robust solve and outliers
      • 2.1.2.9.4. Checking the data
    • 2.1.2.10. The Sketch
    • 2.1.2.11. Bridge: pull adjusted stations
    • 2.1.2.12. Reports and export
    • 2.1.2.13. Typical workflow
    • 2.1.2.14. Trademarks
• 2.2. Monitoring
  • 2.2.1. Special Monitoring Adjustment
    • 2.2.1.1. Overview
    • 2.2.1.2. Opening the Tool
    • 2.2.1.3. Concepts
    • 2.2.1.4. Importing Data
      • 2.2.1.4.1. Import ASC (raw readings)
      • 2.2.1.4.2. Import GSI (raw readings or classic)
      • 2.2.1.4.3. Import CSV (averaged observations)
    • 2.2.1.5. The Tabs
      • 2.2.1.5.1. Raw Readings
      • 2.2.1.5.2. Averages
      • 2.2.1.5.3. Adjustment
      • 2.2.1.5.4. Parameters
    • 2.2.1.6. Solving and Outliers
    • 2.2.1.7. Project Files
    • 2.2.1.8. Exporting
    • 2.2.1.9. Sample Files
    • 2.2.1.10. Troubleshooting
  • 2.2.2. Geometric Leveling Adjustment
    • 2.2.2.1. Overview
    • 2.2.2.2. Opening the Tool
    • 2.2.2.3. Importing Data
      • 2.2.2.3.1. TXT format
      • 2.2.2.3.2. GSI format
    • 2.2.2.4. The Tabs
      • 2.2.2.4.1. Measurements
      • 2.2.2.4.2. Solution
        • 2.2.2.4.2.1. How the refraction coefficient k is handled
      • 2.2.2.4.3. Parameters
    • 2.2.2.5. Project Files
    • 2.2.2.6. Exporting
    • 2.2.2.7. Sample Files
    • 2.2.2.8. Troubleshooting
• 2.3. GNSS Processing
  • 2.3.1. Introduction
    • 2.3.1.1. What the Module Does
    • 2.3.1.2. The Project File
    • 2.3.1.3. What You Need Before You Start
    • 2.3.1.4. Conventions Used Throughout
  • 2.3.2. Files
    • 2.3.2.1. Opening or Creating a Project
    • 2.3.2.2. Scanning a Folder
    • 2.3.2.3. Observation and Navigation Files
    • 2.3.2.4. The Files Grid
    • 2.3.2.5. Naming the Points
    • 2.3.2.6. Marking Reference Stations
    • 2.3.2.7. Files That Changed on Disk
  • 2.3.3. Sessions and Baselines
    • 2.3.3.1. Sessions
      • 2.3.3.1.1. Minimum overlap
      • 2.3.3.1.2. Automatic reference classification
    • 2.3.3.2. Planning the Baselines
    • 2.3.3.3. The Baselines Grid
      • 2.3.3.3.1. Re-planning and existing results
    • 2.3.3.4. The Warnings Panel
  • 2.3.4. Processing
    • 2.3.4.1. Solve Options
      • 2.3.4.1.1. Mode
      • 2.3.4.1.2. Constellations
      • 2.3.4.1.3. Elevation mask (deg)
      • 2.3.4.1.4. Ionosphere model
      • 2.3.4.1.5. Troposphere model
      • 2.3.4.1.6. Ambiguity resolution mode
      • 2.3.4.1.7. GLONASS AR mode (glomodear)
      • 2.3.4.1.8. Ratio threshold
      • 2.3.4.1.9. Interval override (s)
      • 2.3.4.1.10. Start and End (UTC)
    • 2.3.4.2. Running a Batch
      • 2.3.4.2.1. Watching a run
    • 2.3.4.3. Ephemeris Selection
    • 2.3.4.4. When Processing is Unavailable
  • 2.3.5. Results
    • 2.3.5.1. The Results Grid
      • 2.3.5.1.1. Row colours
      • 2.3.5.1.2. Re-solve selected
    • 2.3.5.2. Loop Closures
    • 2.3.5.3. Occupation Timeline
    • 2.3.5.4. Network Sketch
  • 2.3.6. Quality
    • 2.3.6.1. Running a Report
    • 2.3.6.2. The Headline
    • 2.3.6.3. The Satellite Table
    • 2.3.6.4. Satellites That Could Not Be Plotted
    • 2.3.6.5. The Plots
      • 2.3.6.5.1. Sky plot
      • 2.3.6.5.2. SNR over time
      • 2.3.6.5.3. Satellites tracked
    • 2.3.6.6. Using the Quality Page
  • 2.3.7. Control and Publish
    • 2.3.7.1. The Control Grid
    • 2.3.7.2. Publish Settings
      • 2.3.7.2.1. Covariance scale
      • 2.3.7.2.2. Allow FLOAT baselines
      • 2.3.7.2.3. Datum
    • 2.3.7.3. Publishing
      • 2.3.7.3.1. Stations
      • 2.3.7.3.2. Orphaned points
      • 2.3.7.3.3. Re-publishing
    • 2.3.7.4. Going On to the Adjustment
  • 2.3.8. Worked Example
    • 2.3.8.1. Before You Start
    • 2.3.8.2. Step 1 - Open a Project
    • 2.3.8.3. Step 2 - Scan and Name
    • 2.3.8.4. Step 3 - Sessions
    • 2.3.8.5. Step 4 - Plan the Baselines
    • 2.3.8.6. Step 5 - Process
    • 2.3.8.7. Step 6 - Judge the Results
    • 2.3.8.8. Step 7 - Control and the Free Check
    • 2.3.8.9. Step 8 - The Constrained Run
    • 2.3.8.10. Checklist
  • 2.3.9. Troubleshooting
    • 2.3.9.1. “GNSS processing is unavailable”
    • 2.3.9.2. Every baseline failed
    • 2.3.9.3. Baselines come back FLOAT
    • 2.3.9.4. A file is in no session
    • 2.3.9.5. Redundancy is zero
    • 2.3.9.6. A point is missing from the network sketch
    • 2.3.9.7. A point I surveyed is not in the adjustment
    • 2.3.9.8. Apply datum says it held fewer points than I ticked
    • 2.3.9.9. A solved baseline reverted to “planned”
    • 2.3.9.10. The publish wrote fewer rows than I expected
• 2.4. Coordinate Transformations
  • 2.4.1. Coordinate Transformation Tool
    • 2.4.1.1. Overview
    • 2.4.1.2. Quick Start
    • 2.4.1.3. Available Transformation Models
      • 2.4.1.3.1. 2D Transformations
      • 2.4.1.3.2. 3D Transformations
    • 2.4.1.4. User Interface
      • 2.4.1.4.1. Tab 1: Parameter Calculation
      • 2.4.1.4.2. Tab 2: Transform Points
      • 2.4.1.4.3. Import Wizard
      • 2.4.1.4.4. Parameter Files (Project Files)
    • 2.4.1.5. New Features (v2026.7)
      • 2.4.1.5.1. Geometry Sketch Tab
    • 2.4.1.6. New Features (v2026.3)
      • 2.4.1.6.1. Active Point Toggle
      • 2.4.1.6.2. Result Verification Tabs
      • 2.4.1.6.3. Print Report
      • 2.4.1.6.4. Save/Load Project Files
      • 2.4.1.6.5. Import/Export Parameters (Multi-Format)
      • 2.4.1.6.6. Rotation Conventions
      • 2.4.1.6.7. EPSG Database Lookup
        • 2.4.1.6.7.1. Example: Greek GGRS87 to WGS 84
        • 2.4.1.6.7.2. Example: Austrian MGI to WGS 84
      • 2.4.1.6.8. Version Label
    • 2.4.1.7. Practical Guidelines
      • 2.4.1.7.1. Choosing the Right Model
      • 2.4.1.7.2. Control Point Distribution
      • 2.4.1.7.3. Outlier Detection
    • 2.4.1.8. Mathematical Background
      • 2.4.1.8.1. Least Squares Method
      • 2.4.1.8.2. References
• 2.5. Alignment Solver
  • 2.5.1. Introduction
    • 2.5.1.1. What you can do
    • 2.5.1.2. Main screen
    • 2.5.1.3. Where this manual lives
  • 2.5.2. Options
    • 2.5.2.1. General
      • 2.5.2.1.1. Output delimiter
      • 2.5.2.1.2. Input delimiter
      • 2.5.2.1.3. Language
      • 2.5.2.1.4. Decimal places
    • 2.5.2.2. Horizontal — drawing options
      • 2.5.2.2.1. Units
    • 2.5.2.3. 3D mode
    • 2.5.2.4. Rail
      • 2.5.2.4.1. Gauge
      • 2.5.2.4.2. Cant rotation point
  • 2.5.3. Alignment elements
    • 2.5.3.1. Horizontal alignment elements
      • 2.5.3.1.1. Line
      • 2.5.3.1.2. Arc (circular)
      • 2.5.3.1.3. Clothoid spiral
        • 2.5.3.1.3.1. The intrinsic equations
          • 2.5.3.1.3.1.1. Defining a clothoid by start point
          • 2.5.3.1.3.1.2. Defining a clothoid by origin
      • 2.5.3.1.4. Cubic parabola spiral
    • 2.5.3.2. Vertical alignment elements
      • 2.5.3.2.1. Parabolic vertical curve
      • 2.5.3.2.2. Circular vertical curve
      • 2.5.3.2.3. Profile editor fields
    • 2.5.3.3. Cross-section collections
      • 2.5.3.3.1. Horizontal offset alignment
      • 2.5.3.3.2. Vertical offset alignment
      • 2.5.3.3.3. Superelevation left / right
      • 2.5.3.3.4. Superelevation-offset left / right
      • 2.5.3.3.5. Widening left / right
      • 2.5.3.3.6. Cant (rail only)
  • 2.5.4. Alignment editor
    • 2.5.4.1. Tabs
    • 2.5.4.2. PI solver
    • 2.5.4.3. Apply — one-stop save
    • 2.5.4.4. Station-equation entry — chainage-based
    • 2.5.4.5. Other commands
  • 2.5.5. Station equations
    • 2.5.5.1. Real-world drivers
    • 2.5.5.2. The data model
    • 2.5.5.3. Worked example
    • 2.5.5.4. How to enter equations
    • 2.5.5.5. Where they live in the formats
    • 2.5.5.6. UI feedback
  • 2.5.6. GRD point import and TIN surface
    • 2.5.6.1. Required input
    • 2.5.6.2. Surface build settings
    • 2.5.6.3. What gets created
    • 2.5.6.4. Errors
    • 2.5.6.5. Repeating the import
    • 2.5.6.6. Sample point styles and surface style
  • 2.5.7. Calculations
    • 2.5.7.1. Setout and Measure
      • 2.5.7.1.1. Unified Setout / Measure dialog
      • 2.5.7.1.2. Results page
      • 2.5.7.1.3. Setout one point — Centerline / Offset Axis
      • 2.5.7.1.4. Batch setout — chainage range
      • 2.5.7.1.5. Setout from file
      • 2.5.7.1.6. Multiple offsets from file
      • 2.5.7.1.7. Measure
        • 2.5.7.1.7.1. Measure on offset alignment
      • 2.5.7.1.8. Compare
      • 2.5.7.1.9. Check alignment
    • 2.5.7.2. 3D mode and vertical shafts
      • 2.5.7.2.1. Turning 3D mode on
      • 2.5.7.2.2. Defining a vertical shaft
      • 2.5.7.2.3. Section axes
      • 2.5.7.2.4. Setout and Measure in 3D mode
      • 2.5.7.2.5. Batch setout, Multi-offset and the chainage range
      • 2.5.7.2.6. Drawing tabs
      • 2.5.7.2.7. Limitations
    • 2.5.7.3. Rail alignment — cant, CTC and UTC
      • 2.5.7.3.1. Coordinate systems used
      • 2.5.7.3.2. The rotation angle θ
      • 2.5.7.3.3. The rotation-point X coordinate
      • 2.5.7.3.4. CTC ↔ UTC conversion
      • 2.5.7.3.5. Putting it all together — SetoutRail
      • 2.5.7.3.6. Rail-detailed report
      • 2.5.7.3.7. Cant ascii file
    • 2.5.7.4. Station math
      • 2.5.7.4.1. Internal raw distance vs displayed station
      • 2.5.7.4.2. Why this matters everywhere
      • 2.5.7.4.3. End station
      • 2.5.7.4.4. Where the math is implemented
  • 2.5.8. Drawing tab
    • 2.5.8.1. Toolbar
    • 2.5.8.2. Live chainage readout
    • 2.5.8.3. Recent files menu
    • 2.5.8.4. Style managers
    • 2.5.8.5. ICAD inspector / command line
  • 2.5.9. Reports
    • 2.5.9.1. Tools ▸ Alignment Report — HTML
    • 2.5.9.2. Results page — Setout / Measure / Compare output
    • 2.5.9.3. Check alignment
  • 2.5.10. Import
    • 2.5.10.1. PIs ➜ alignment
    • 2.5.10.2. S01 — Greek PSIMO horizontal vertices
    • 2.5.10.3. S02 — Greek PSIMO vertical PVIs
    • 2.5.10.4. S03 — Greek PSIMO superelevations
    • 2.5.10.5. Calculate Horizontal / Vertical vertices
    • 2.5.10.6. LandXML
    • 2.5.10.7. ASCII imports
    • 2.5.10.8. ALM (native and legacy)
  • 2.5.11. Export
    • 2.5.11.1. LandXML
    • 2.5.11.2. ALM ASCII — alignment elements
      • 2.5.11.2.1. Horizontal alignment ASCII
      • 2.5.11.2.2. Vertical alignment ASCII
    • 2.5.11.3. ALM ASCII — cross-section collections
    • 2.5.11.4. GSI — Leica Road Runner
    • 2.5.11.5. Other interchange formats
      • 2.5.11.5.1. Trimble TGO ASCII
      • 2.5.11.5.2. Anadelta
      • 2.5.11.5.3. TCP-Tunnel (Aplitop) — .eje + .ras
      • 2.5.11.5.4. Amberg GRP office
      • 2.5.11.5.5. NRG / NST string file
      • 2.5.11.5.6. Bentley Inroads ASCII
      • 2.5.11.5.7. Greek PSIMO S01 (re-export)
• 2.6. Survey Calculator
  • 2.6.1. Free Station
    • 2.6.1.1. Overview
    • 2.6.1.2. Inputs
    • 2.6.1.3. What Compute does
    • 2.6.1.4. Results
    • 2.6.1.5. Import / Export
    • 2.6.1.6. Notes
  • 2.6.2. Resection
    • 2.6.2.1. Overview
    • 2.6.2.2. Inputs
    • 2.6.2.3. What Compute does
    • 2.6.2.4. Results
    • 2.6.2.5. Import / Save / Load
    • 2.6.2.6. Notes
  • 2.6.3. Precise Trig Leveling
    • 2.6.3.1. Overview
    • 2.6.3.2. Inputs
    • 2.6.3.3. Mathematics
    • 2.6.3.4. Results
    • 2.6.3.5. Import
    • 2.6.3.6. Notes
  • 2.6.4. OMA L4 (Athens Metro)
    • 2.6.4.1. Overview
    • 2.6.4.2. Conversion directions
    • 2.6.4.3. Coordinate system definitions
    • 2.6.4.4. OMA ↔ EGSA’87 similarity parameters
    • 2.6.4.5. Real-world WGS84 chain
    • 2.6.4.6. TBC “global grid” parameters (compatibility only)
    • 2.6.4.7. Using the calculator
    • 2.6.4.8. Worked examples
    • 2.6.4.9. Limitations
    • 2.6.4.10. References
  • 2.6.5. Greek Projections
    • 2.6.5.1. Overview
    • 2.6.5.2. The field-book model
    • 2.6.5.3. Measurements tab
    • 2.6.5.4. What Solve does
    • 2.6.5.5. Coordinates tab
    • 2.6.5.6. Sketch tab
    • 2.6.5.7. Options tab
    • 2.6.5.8. Import / Export
      • 2.6.5.8.1. Excel workbooks
      • 2.6.5.8.2. Geodimeter raw job files
    • 2.6.5.9. Worked example
    • 2.6.5.10. Projection constants and notes
• 2.7. Level Editor
  • 2.7.1. Level Editor
    • 2.7.1.1. Overview
    • 2.7.1.2. Import
    • 2.7.1.3. Runs
    • 2.7.1.4. Benchmarks
    • 2.7.1.5. Adjust
    • 2.7.1.6. Closure
    • 2.7.1.7. Network
    • 2.7.1.8. Sketch
    • 2.7.1.9. Report and export
    • 2.7.1.10. Notes