1. Introduction
1.1. Introduction
2. Calculations
2.1. Network Calculations
2.1.1. Station Adjustment
2.1.1.1. Overview
2.1.1.2. Getting Started
2.1.1.2.1. Opening the Module
2.1.1.2.2. Creating a New Project
2.1.1.2.3. Opening an Existing Project
2.1.1.3. Importing Observations
2.1.1.3.1. Import from Leica LandXML
2.1.1.3.2. Import from Leica GSI
2.1.1.3.3. Import from Legacy SAJ Project
2.1.1.3.4. Import from Spreadsheet (Excel/CSV)
2.1.1.3.5. Import ASCII Files
2.1.1.4. Working with Observations
2.1.1.4.1. Station Tree
2.1.1.4.2. Observation Tabs
2.1.1.4.3. Reorder Points
2.1.1.4.4. Station Information
2.1.1.5. Solving (Adjustment)
2.1.1.5.1. Solve Current Station
2.1.1.5.2. Solve All Stations
2.1.1.5.3. Deactivate Outliers
2.1.1.5.4. Complete vs. Incomplete Observation Sets
2.1.1.6. Calculation Method — Detailed Explanation
2.1.1.6.1. Horizontal Angle Adjustment
2.1.1.6.2. Vertical Angle (Zenith) Adjustment
2.1.1.6.3. Slope Distance Adjustment
2.1.1.6.4. Outlier Detection
2.1.1.6.5. Understanding the Results
2.1.1.7. Reports
2.1.1.8. Exporting Data
2.1.1.8.1. Export Adjusted Measurements
2.1.1.8.2. Export Raw Data
2.1.1.8.3. Export to Starnet
2.1.1.9. Sketch View
2.1.1.10. References
2.1.2. Network Adjustment
2.1.2.1. Overview
2.1.2.2. Getting Started
2.1.2.2.1. Opening the module
2.1.2.2.2. Creating or opening a project
2.1.2.2.3. The workspace tabs
2.1.2.3. Concepts
2.1.2.3.1. Station types (fixity)
2.1.2.3.2. Observation types
2.1.2.3.3. Units and standard errors
2.1.2.4. Settings
2.1.2.4.1. Choosing a projection
2.1.2.5. Building a network
2.1.2.5.1. Editing by hand
2.1.2.6. Importing data
2.1.2.6.1. STAR*NET
.dat
files
2.1.2.6.2. Coordinate order (East-North vs North-East)
2.1.2.6.3. Editable ASCII project files (
.iqnet
)
2.1.2.6.3.1. Template
2.1.2.6.4. Excel workbooks (
.xlsx
)
2.1.2.6.5. Netsist projects (
.ndb
/ DATA IN
.xlsx
)
2.1.2.7. Initial (provisional) coordinates
2.1.2.8. The least-squares adjustment
2.1.2.8.1. What the solve computes
2.1.2.8.2. Reductions applied before the solve
2.1.2.8.3. Dimension (1-D / 2-D / 3-D)
2.1.2.9. Results and quality
2.1.2.9.1. Adjusted coordinates
2.1.2.9.2. Statistics in the report
2.1.2.9.3. Robust solve and outliers
2.1.2.9.4. Checking the data
2.1.2.10. The Sketch
2.1.2.11. Bridge: pull adjusted stations
2.1.2.12. Reports and export
2.1.2.13. Typical workflow
2.1.2.14. Trademarks
2.2. Monitoring
2.2.1. Special Monitoring Adjustment
2.2.1.1. Overview
2.2.1.2. Opening the Tool
2.2.1.3. Concepts
2.2.1.4. Importing Data
2.2.1.4.1. Import ASC (raw readings)
2.2.1.4.2. Import GSI (raw readings or classic)
2.2.1.4.3. Import CSV (averaged observations)
2.2.1.5. The Tabs
2.2.1.5.1. Raw Readings
2.2.1.5.2. Averages
2.2.1.5.3. Adjustment
2.2.1.5.4. Parameters
2.2.1.6. Solving and Outliers
2.2.1.7. Project Files
2.2.1.8. Exporting
2.2.1.9. Sample Files
2.2.1.10. Troubleshooting
2.2.2. Geometric Leveling Adjustment
2.2.2.1. Overview
2.2.2.2. Opening the Tool
2.2.2.3. Importing Data
2.2.2.3.1. TXT format
2.2.2.3.2. GSI format
2.2.2.4. The Tabs
2.2.2.4.1. Measurements
2.2.2.4.2. Solution
2.2.2.4.2.1. How the refraction coefficient k is handled
2.2.2.4.3. Parameters
2.2.2.5. Project Files
2.2.2.6. Exporting
2.2.2.7. Sample Files
2.2.2.8. Troubleshooting
2.3. GNSS Processing
2.3.1. Introduction
2.3.1.1. What the Module Does
2.3.1.2. The Project File
2.3.1.3. What You Need Before You Start
2.3.1.4. Conventions Used Throughout
2.3.2. Files
2.3.2.1. Opening or Creating a Project
2.3.2.2. Scanning a Folder
2.3.2.3. Observation and Navigation Files
2.3.2.4. The Files Grid
2.3.2.5. Naming the Points
2.3.2.6. Marking Reference Stations
2.3.2.7. Files That Changed on Disk
2.3.3. Sessions and Baselines
2.3.3.1. Sessions
2.3.3.1.1. Minimum overlap
2.3.3.1.2. Automatic reference classification
2.3.3.2. Planning the Baselines
2.3.3.3. The Baselines Grid
2.3.3.3.1. Re-planning and existing results
2.3.3.4. The Warnings Panel
2.3.4. Processing
2.3.4.1. Solve Options
2.3.4.1.1. Mode
2.3.4.1.2. Constellations
2.3.4.1.3. Elevation mask (deg)
2.3.4.1.4. Ionosphere model
2.3.4.1.5. Troposphere model
2.3.4.1.6. Ambiguity resolution mode
2.3.4.1.7. GLONASS AR mode (glomodear)
2.3.4.1.8. Ratio threshold
2.3.4.1.9. Interval override (s)
2.3.4.1.10. Start and End (UTC)
2.3.4.2. Running a Batch
2.3.4.2.1. Watching a run
2.3.4.3. Ephemeris Selection
2.3.4.4. When Processing is Unavailable
2.3.5. Results
2.3.5.1. The Results Grid
2.3.5.1.1. Row colours
2.3.5.1.2. Re-solve selected
2.3.5.2. Loop Closures
2.3.5.3. Occupation Timeline
2.3.5.4. Network Sketch
2.3.6. Quality
2.3.6.1. Running a Report
2.3.6.2. The Headline
2.3.6.3. The Satellite Table
2.3.6.4. Satellites That Could Not Be Plotted
2.3.6.5. The Plots
2.3.6.5.1. Sky plot
2.3.6.5.2. SNR over time
2.3.6.5.3. Satellites tracked
2.3.6.6. Using the Quality Page
2.3.7. Control and Publish
2.3.7.1. The Control Grid
2.3.7.2. Publish Settings
2.3.7.2.1. Covariance scale
2.3.7.2.2. Allow FLOAT baselines
2.3.7.2.3. Datum
2.3.7.3. Publishing
2.3.7.3.1. Stations
2.3.7.3.2. Orphaned points
2.3.7.3.3. Re-publishing
2.3.7.4. Going On to the Adjustment
2.3.8. Worked Example
2.3.8.1. Before You Start
2.3.8.2. Step 1 - Open a Project
2.3.8.3. Step 2 - Scan and Name
2.3.8.4. Step 3 - Sessions
2.3.8.5. Step 4 - Plan the Baselines
2.3.8.6. Step 5 - Process
2.3.8.7. Step 6 - Judge the Results
2.3.8.8. Step 7 - Control and the Free Check
2.3.8.9. Step 8 - The Constrained Run
2.3.8.10. Checklist
2.3.9. Troubleshooting
2.3.9.1. “GNSS processing is unavailable”
2.3.9.2. Every baseline failed
2.3.9.3. Baselines come back FLOAT
2.3.9.4. A file is in no session
2.3.9.5. Redundancy is zero
2.3.9.6. A point is missing from the network sketch
2.3.9.7. A point I surveyed is not in the adjustment
2.3.9.8. Apply datum says it held fewer points than I ticked
2.3.9.9. A solved baseline reverted to “planned”
2.3.9.10. The publish wrote fewer rows than I expected
2.4. Coordinate Transformations
2.4.1. Coordinate Transformation Tool
2.4.1.1. Overview
2.4.1.2. Quick Start
2.4.1.3. Available Transformation Models
2.4.1.3.1. 2D Transformations
2.4.1.3.2. 3D Transformations
2.4.1.4. User Interface
2.4.1.4.1. Tab 1: Parameter Calculation
2.4.1.4.2. Tab 2: Transform Points
2.4.1.4.3. Import Wizard
2.4.1.4.4. Parameter Files (Project Files)
2.4.1.5. New Features (v2026.7)
2.4.1.5.1. Geometry Sketch Tab
2.4.1.6. New Features (v2026.3)
2.4.1.6.1. Active Point Toggle
2.4.1.6.2. Result Verification Tabs
2.4.1.6.3. Print Report
2.4.1.6.4. Save/Load Project Files
2.4.1.6.5. Import/Export Parameters (Multi-Format)
2.4.1.6.6. Rotation Conventions
2.4.1.6.7. EPSG Database Lookup
2.4.1.6.7.1. Example: Greek GGRS87 to WGS 84
2.4.1.6.7.2. Example: Austrian MGI to WGS 84
2.4.1.6.8. Version Label
2.4.1.7. Practical Guidelines
2.4.1.7.1. Choosing the Right Model
2.4.1.7.2. Control Point Distribution
2.4.1.7.3. Outlier Detection
2.4.1.8. Mathematical Background
2.4.1.8.1. Least Squares Method
2.4.1.8.2. References
2.5. Alignment Solver
2.5.1. Introduction
2.5.1.1. What you can do
2.5.1.2. Main screen
2.5.1.3. Where this manual lives
2.5.2. Options
2.5.2.1. General
2.5.2.1.1. Output delimiter
2.5.2.1.2. Input delimiter
2.5.2.1.3. Language
2.5.2.1.4. Decimal places
2.5.2.2. Horizontal — drawing options
2.5.2.2.1. Units
2.5.2.3. 3D mode
2.5.2.4. Rail
2.5.2.4.1. Gauge
2.5.2.4.2. Cant rotation point
2.5.3. Alignment elements
2.5.3.1. Horizontal alignment elements
2.5.3.1.1. Line
2.5.3.1.2. Arc (circular)
2.5.3.1.3. Clothoid spiral
2.5.3.1.3.1. The intrinsic equations
2.5.3.1.4. Cubic parabola spiral
2.5.3.2. Vertical alignment elements
2.5.3.2.1. Parabolic vertical curve
2.5.3.2.2. Circular vertical curve
2.5.3.2.3. Profile editor fields
2.5.3.3. Cross-section collections
2.5.3.3.1. Horizontal offset alignment
2.5.3.3.2. Vertical offset alignment
2.5.3.3.3. Superelevation left / right
2.5.3.3.4. Superelevation-offset left / right
2.5.3.3.5. Widening left / right
2.5.3.3.6. Cant (rail only)
2.5.4. Alignment editor
2.5.4.1. Tabs
2.5.4.2. PI solver
2.5.4.3. Apply — one-stop save
2.5.4.4. Station-equation entry — chainage-based
2.5.4.5. Other commands
2.5.5. Station equations
2.5.5.1. Real-world drivers
2.5.5.2. The data model
2.5.5.3. Worked example
2.5.5.4. How to enter equations
2.5.5.5. Where they live in the formats
2.5.5.6. UI feedback
2.5.6. GRD point import and TIN surface
2.5.6.1. Required input
2.5.6.2. Surface build settings
2.5.6.3. What gets created
2.5.6.4. Errors
2.5.6.5. Repeating the import
2.5.6.6. Sample point styles and surface style
2.5.7. Calculations
2.5.7.1. Setout and Measure
2.5.7.1.1. Unified Setout / Measure dialog
2.5.7.1.2. Results page
2.5.7.1.3. Setout one point — Centerline / Offset Axis
2.5.7.1.4. Batch setout — chainage range
2.5.7.1.5. Setout from file
2.5.7.1.6. Multiple offsets from file
2.5.7.1.7. Measure
2.5.7.1.7.1. Measure on offset alignment
2.5.7.1.8. Compare
2.5.7.1.9. Check alignment
2.5.7.2. 3D mode and vertical shafts
2.5.7.2.1. Turning 3D mode on
2.5.7.2.2. Defining a vertical shaft
2.5.7.2.3. Section axes
2.5.7.2.4. Setout and Measure in 3D mode
2.5.7.2.5. Batch setout, Multi-offset and the chainage range
2.5.7.2.6. Drawing tabs
2.5.7.2.7. Limitations
2.5.7.3. Rail alignment — cant, CTC and UTC
2.5.7.3.1. Coordinate systems used
2.5.7.3.2. The rotation angle θ
2.5.7.3.3. The rotation-point X coordinate
2.5.7.3.4. CTC ↔ UTC conversion
2.5.7.3.5. Putting it all together — SetoutRail
2.5.7.3.6. Rail-detailed report
2.5.7.3.7. Cant ascii file
2.5.7.4. Station math
2.5.7.4.1. Internal raw distance vs displayed station
2.5.7.4.2. Why this matters everywhere
2.5.7.4.3. End station
2.5.7.4.4. Where the math is implemented
2.5.8. Drawing tab
2.5.8.1. Toolbar
2.5.8.2. Live chainage readout
2.5.8.3. Recent files menu
2.5.8.4. Style managers
2.5.8.5. ICAD inspector / command line
2.5.9. Reports
2.5.9.1. Tools ▸ Alignment Report — HTML
2.5.9.2. Results page — Setout / Measure / Compare output
2.5.9.3. Check alignment
2.5.10. Import
2.5.10.1. PIs ➜ alignment
2.5.10.2. S01 — Greek PSIMO horizontal vertices
2.5.10.3. S02 — Greek PSIMO vertical PVIs
2.5.10.4. S03 — Greek PSIMO superelevations
2.5.10.5. Calculate Horizontal / Vertical vertices
2.5.10.6. LandXML
2.5.10.7. ASCII imports
2.5.10.8. ALM (native and legacy)
2.5.11. Export
2.5.11.1. LandXML
2.5.11.2. ALM ASCII — alignment elements
2.5.11.2.1. Horizontal alignment ASCII
2.5.11.2.2. Vertical alignment ASCII
2.5.11.3. ALM ASCII — cross-section collections
2.5.11.4. GSI — Leica Road Runner
2.5.11.5. Other interchange formats
2.5.11.5.1. Trimble TGO ASCII
2.5.11.5.2. Anadelta
2.5.11.5.3. TCP-Tunnel (Aplitop) —
.eje
+
.ras
2.5.11.5.4. Amberg GRP office
2.5.11.5.5. NRG / NST string file
2.5.11.5.6. Bentley Inroads ASCII
2.5.11.5.7. Greek PSIMO S01 (re-export)
2.6. Survey Calculator
2.6.1. Free Station
2.6.1.1. Overview
2.6.1.2. Inputs
2.6.1.3. What Compute does
2.6.1.4. Results
2.6.1.5. Import / Export
2.6.1.6. Notes
2.6.2. Resection
2.6.2.1. Overview
2.6.2.2. Inputs
2.6.2.3. What Compute does
2.6.2.4. Results
2.6.2.5. Import / Save / Load
2.6.2.6. Notes
2.6.3. Precise Trig Leveling
2.6.3.1. Overview
2.6.3.2. Inputs
2.6.3.3. Mathematics
2.6.3.4. Results
2.6.3.5. Import
2.6.3.6. Notes
2.6.4. OMA L4 (Athens Metro)
2.6.4.1. Overview
2.6.4.2. Conversion directions
2.6.4.3. Coordinate system definitions
2.6.4.4. OMA ↔ EGSA’87 similarity parameters
2.6.4.5. Real-world WGS84 chain
2.6.4.6. TBC “global grid” parameters (compatibility only)
2.6.4.7. Using the calculator
2.6.4.8. Worked examples
2.6.4.9. Limitations
2.6.4.10. References
2.6.5. Greek Projections
2.6.5.1. Overview
2.6.5.2. The field-book model
2.6.5.3. Measurements tab
2.6.5.4. What Solve does
2.6.5.5. Coordinates tab
2.6.5.6. Sketch tab
2.6.5.7. Options tab
2.6.5.8. Import / Export
2.6.5.8.1. Excel workbooks
2.6.5.8.2. Geodimeter raw job files
2.6.5.9. Worked example
2.6.5.10. Projection constants and notes
2.7. Level Editor
2.7.1. Level Editor
2.7.1.1. Overview
2.7.1.2. Import
2.7.1.3. Runs
2.7.1.4. Benchmarks
2.7.1.5. Adjust
2.7.1.6. Closure
2.7.1.7. Network
2.7.1.8. Sketch
2.7.1.9. Report and export
2.7.1.10. Notes
3. Data Tools
3.1. GSI Editor
3.1.1. Overview
3.1.1.1. Leica GSI Format Reference
3.1.2. Overview
3.1.3. Word Structure
3.1.4. Units Indicator
3.1.5. Word Index Table
3.1.6. Special Record Types
3.1.6.1. Opening the GSI Editor
3.1.6.2. Opening GSI Files
3.1.6.3. Understanding the Grid
3.1.6.3.1. Grid Features
3.1.6.4. Editing Values
3.1.6.4.1. Validation Rules
3.1.6.5. Row Colors
3.1.6.6. Saving and Exporting
3.1.6.7. Importing from a Spreadsheet
3.1.6.7.1. Step 1: File Selection
3.1.6.7.2. Step 2: Column Mapping
3.1.6.7.3. Step 3: Summary and Import
3.1.6.8. Working with Multiple Files
3.1.6.9. Typical Workflows
3.1.6.9.1. Convert GSI to Excel
3.1.6.9.2. Edit Point Names
3.1.6.9.3. Convert GSI8 to GSI16
3.1.6.9.4. Import CSV and Save as GSI
3.1.6.9.5. Inspect Station Setups
3.1.6.9.6. Verify Face I / Face II Observations
3.1.6.10. GSI Format Worked Example
3.1.6.11. References
3.2. RW5 Editor
3.2.1. Overview
3.2.2. Opening the Editor
3.2.3. Opening RW5 Files
3.2.4. Understanding the Paired-Row Display
3.2.5. Record Categories and Colors
3.2.6. Station Separators
3.2.7. Editing Values
3.2.8. Navigation
3.2.9. Context Menu
3.2.10. Saving and Exporting
3.2.11. Station Adjustment Integration
3.2.12. Typical Workflows
3.3. RW5 Format Reference
3.3.1. Overview
3.3.2. Record Types
3.3.2.1. Setup Records
3.3.2.2. Observation Records
3.3.2.3. Angle Set Records
3.3.2.4. GPS Records
3.3.2.5. Stakeout Records
3.3.2.6. Special Records
3.3.3. Field Code Reference
3.3.4. Angle Types
3.3.5. Vertical Angle Types
3.3.6. Distance Types
3.3.7. Sample RW5 File
3.3.8. References
4. Conversions
4.1. Dini Converter
4.1.1. Overview
4.1.2. About the Trimble DiNi Instrument
4.1.2.1. Leveling Methods
4.1.3. The M5 Data Format
4.1.3.1. M5 Line Structure
4.1.3.2. Record Types
4.1.3.3. Format Auto-Detection
4.1.4. Getting Started
4.1.5. Excel Output
4.1.5.1. Single-Line Output
4.1.5.2. Dual-Line Output
4.1.6. Closure Tolerance
4.1.6.1. Method 1 — Distance-Based Tolerance
4.1.6.2. Method 2 — Setup-Based Tolerance
4.1.6.3. Relationship Between the Two Methods
4.1.7. References
5. Analytics
5.1. Teramon Tools
5.1.1. Overview
5.1.2. Loading a project
5.1.3. The views
5.1.3.1. Overview
5.1.3.2. Resection
5.1.3.3. Completeness
5.1.3.4. Environment & Instrument
5.1.3.5. Cycles & Timing
5.1.4. Charts
5.1.5. Excel export
5.1.6. Notes
6. Drone
6.1. DJI PPK (Matrice)
6.1.1. Overview
6.1.2. What you need
6.1.3. Measuring the base antenna height
6.1.4. Workflow
6.1.5. PDF report
6.1.6. Writing positions into the photos
6.1.7. What the automatic mode does
6.1.8. Datum
6.1.9. Base from a CORS
6.1.10. Quality checks
6.1.11. Reference result
6.1.12. Troubleshooting
6.2. Flight log
6.2.1. Inputs
6.2.2. Tabs
6.2.3. Reading PPK - on-board RTK
6.2.4. Exports
6.3. Camera positions converter
6.3.1. Source
6.3.2. Formats
6.3.3. Options
7. Versions
7.1. 2026.11.04
7.2. 2026.10.07
7.3. 2026.09.13
7.4. 2026.07.13
7.5. 2026.07.06
7.6. 2026.07.05
7.7. 2026.07.03
7.8. 2026.03.20
7.9. 2025.09 Beta4
7.10. 2024.12 Beta 3
7.11. 2024.5 Beta 2
7.12. 2023.1 Beta 1
8. Appendix: EPSG Transformations
8.1. Complete Transformation List
8.1.1. Australia
8.1.2. Austria
8.1.3. China
8.1.4. Cyprus
8.1.5. Egypt
8.1.6. Europe
8.1.7. France
8.1.8. Germany
8.1.9. Greece
8.1.10. Ireland
8.1.11. Italy
8.1.12. Japan
8.1.13. New Zealand
8.1.14. North America
8.1.15. Portugal
8.1.16. Russia
8.1.17. South Africa
8.1.18. South America
8.1.19. Spain
8.1.20. Sweden
8.1.21. Switzerland
8.1.22. Thailand
8.1.23. Turkey
8.1.24. United Kingdom
8.1.25. World
8.2. Adding Custom Transformations
SurveyTools
Scanner
Scanner
Scanner
Point Cloud Sections
Step 1 Calculate Alignment
Step 2 Calculate Sections
File formats